The Periodic Properties of the Elements

The periodic table arranges the elements  by periodic properties, which are recurring trends in physical and chemical characteristics. These trends can be predicted merely by examing the periodic table and can be explained and understood by analyzing the electron configurations of the elements. Elements tend to gain or lose valence electrons to achieve stable octet formation. Stable octets are seen in the inert gases, or noble gases, of Group VIII of the periodic table. In addition to this activity, there are two other important trends. First, electrons are added one at a time moving from left to right across a period. As this happens, the electrons of the outermost shell experience increasingly strong nuclear attraction, so the electrons become closer to the nucleus and more tightly bound to it. Second, moving down a column in the periodic table, the outermost electrons become less tightly bound to the nucleus. This happens because the number of filled principal energy levels (whi ch shield the outermost electrons from attraction to the nucleus) increases downward within each group. These trends explain the periodicity observed in the elemental properties of atomic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity. Atomic Radius The atomic radius of an element is half of the distance between the centers of two atoms of that element that are just touching each other. Generally, the atomic radius decreases across a period from left to right and increases down a given group. The atoms with the largest atomic radii are located in Group I and at the bottom of groups. Moving from left to right across a period, electrons are added one at a time to the outer energy shell. Electrons within a shell cannot shield each other from the attraction to protons. Since the number of protons is also increasing, the effective nuclear charge increases across a period. This causes the atomic radius to decrease. Moving down a group in the periodic table, the number of electrons and filled electron shells increases, but the number of valence electrons remains the same. The outermost electrons in a group are exposed to the same effective nuclear charge, but electrons are found farther from the nucleus as the number of filled energy shells increases. Therefore, the atomic radii increase. Ionization Energy The ionization energy, or ionization potential, is the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion completely. The closer and more tightly bound an electron is to the nucleus, the more difficult it will be to remove, and the higher its ionization energy will be. The first ionization energy is the energy required to remove one electron from the parent atom. The second ionization energy is the energy required to remove a second valence electron from the univalent ion to form the divalent ion, and so on. Successive ionization energies increase. The second ionization energy is always greater than the first ionization energy. Ionization energies increase moving from left to right across a period (decreasing atomic radius). Ionization energy decreases moving down a group (increasing atomic radius). Group  I elements have low ionization energies because the loss of an electron forms a stable octet. Electron Affinity Electron affinity reflects the ability of an atom to accept an electron. It is the energy change that occurs when an electron is added to a gaseous atom. Atoms with stronger effective nuclear charge have greater electron affinity. Some generalizations can be made about the electron affinities of certain groups in the periodic table. The Group IIA elements, the alkaline earths, have low electron affinity values. These elements are relatively stable because they have filled s subshells. Group VIIA elements, the halogens, have high electron affinities because the addition of an electron to an atom results in a completely filled shell. Group VIII elements, noble gases, have electron affinities near zero since each atom possesses a stable octet and will not accept an electron readily. Elements of other groups have low electron affinities. In a period, the halogen will have the highest electron affinity, while the noble gas will have the lowest electron affinity. Electron affinity decreases moving down a group because a new electron would be further from the nucleus of a large atom. Electronegativity Electronegativity is a measure of the attraction of an atom for the electrons in a chemical bond. The higher the electronegativity of an atom, the greater its attraction for bonding electrons. Electronegativity is related to ionization energy. Electrons with low ionization energies have low electronegativities because their nuclei do not exert a strong attractive force on electrons. Elements with high ionization energies have high electronegativities due to the strong pull exerted on electrons by the nucleus. In a group, the electronegativity decreases as the atomic number increases, as a result of the increased distance between the valence electron and nucleus (greater atomic radius). An example of an electropositive (i.e., low electronegativity) element is cesium; an example of a highly electronegative element is fluorine. Summary of Periodic Table Properties of Elements Moving Left → Right Atomic Radius DecreasesIonization Energy IncreasesElectron Affinity Generally Increases (except Noble Gas Electron Affinity Near Zero)Electronegativity Increases Moving Top → Bottom Atomic Radius IncreasesIonization Energy DecreasesElectron Affinity Generally Decreases Moving Down a GroupElectronegativity Decreases

Thoughtful Questions and Answers on the Declaration of...

1. Jefferson wrote, †¦That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government†¦ Clearly describe three examples from any period of American History when Americans attempted to follow these words. One example of a time that Americans attempted to alter or change the U.S. Government was during the civil war. At this time, Southern (Confederate) states tried to withdraw from the union. Another example is how since the 1990s, Texas has had certain pleas to leave the nation and become the Republic of Texas. An even more recent example is members and candidates of the Tea Party. Ironically named after the Boston Tea Party of 1773, these†¦show more content†¦You are NOT limited to the groups listed as examples. Do you agree or disagree with their viewpoints? Explain. You need to describe the groups and explain the abuses and usurpations that they object to fully. One group that I can think of off the top of head that definitely opposes American government is the terrorist group Al-Qaeda. Not only do they oppose American government but they really oppose all western countries’ governments. They are a radical group that believes that the entirety of all governments will collapse when the U.S. falls and they consequently believe that these governments need to be replaced and taken over by Al-Qaeda leaders of the Sunni Islamic beliefs. I believe that this is entirely severe and irrational. I do not think that all of their problems with the U.S. are accurate however America certainly is not perfect either. On a slightly less severe note, another group in today’s society that opposes U.S. government is militia men. They believe that government should be localized to individual counties and that these counties should be independent. They do not believe that they should be burdened to pay federal taxes or that they should have to register vehicles and any government duties that stray from local government. I do not believe that this is efficient for the current world that we live in. We can learn from history, in the times of the middle ages when Europeans lived in independent small kingdoms or tribes to moreShow MoreRelatedEssay on Korea6392 Words   |  26 Pagesimmemorial Koreans believed in the existence of one Lord of heaven and earth as well as numerous lesser spirits. From earliest times Koreans have experienced direct contact with supernatural powers. Furthermore, shamanism emphasized Koreas unique role in history. Traditionally, Koreans dressed in white, because this symbolized their faith that they were children of the divine light. For centuries the shamans taught that Koreans had been chosen for a special purpose in Gods plan for mankind. 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So, assuming the ï ¬ rm operates Analyse the ï ¬ ve forces (that is, supplier power, buyer power, potential entrants, substitute products and rivalry among competitors) and explain brieï ¬â€šy what is signiï ¬ cant for each. For example, what are the issuesRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesstudent exercises and cases have been added to most chapters. †¢ Answers to selected exercises are now available in Appendix 1 †¢ A third major computer exercise has been added to the Appendix 2; †¢ The â€Å"Snapshot from Practice† boxes feature a number of new examples of project management in action as well as new research highlights that continue to promote practical application of project management. Overall the text addresses the major questions and issues the authors have encountered over their 60 combinedRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesoffered a deeply informed, reliable and intelligently constructed account. 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Business Culture in Turkey Free Essays

Business Culture Overview A brief overview of Etiquette/Relationships, Business Negotiations, and Communication when dealing with business in Turkey. Etiquette and Relationships Business etiquette in Turkey revolves around personal relationships. Appointments are necessary and should be made in advance. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Culture in Turkey or any similar topic only for you Order Now Avoid making these appointments during Ramadan and the months of July and August. Be punctual, although be prepared to be kept waiting for appointments or meetings. Small talk is welcomed during business meetings, do not open up with the business matter at hand immediately. Have all documents in English and Turkish, as well to include charts, graphs, and visual aids. When dressing for business in Turkey, it should be conservative. Exchanging of business cards is a sign of trust from most businessmen. It is important to shake hands when entering, however not so when departing. Business Negotiation Always come to Turkey knowing two things. Success is defined by your ability to establish to build effective personal relationships. Business is personal. Many businesses are still family run although it is changing with MNC’s growing fast. The first meeting is purely social, then from there it will be about business. Do not include any surprises or mystery to your proposal. They are more inclined to visual objects, so include charts, graphs, statistics in presentation. Decision making tends to be slow, it has to pass from less senior members all the way up the hierarchy. Turkish businessmen will start at extremes to engage responses. Know your target figure and work to compromise to a number in the middle. Do not use any pressure tactics or abrupt deadlines because they will just reverse this tactic right back at you and it may drive them away from the deal. Communication Turkish people prefer to conduct business with people they are very trustworthy of. Courtesy is crucial in all business settings. Stand close while conversing, do not back away as it considered rude. Do not be impatient, many initial questions will not be about the topic at hand, but rather about family, children, soccer and more. Turks are proud to answer questions about their history, culture, but avoid political history. It is vital to maintain eye contact while talking, it is a sign of sincerity. Make sure any gifts are appropriate if given. It is not customary for them to exchange gifts in a business setting however. How to cite Business Culture in Turkey, Papers

Cogito Ergo Sum free essay sample

Posted on the door to my room is the phrase, â€Å"I think, therefore I am†. Descartes explains that human’s exist because they can intuitively understand the truth that they exist. Broadened, the phrase represents other facets of philosophical thought. Thought produces great works of art, literature, music, mathematics, and science. It is thought that moves the human race forward. Still, perhaps thought is not enough. Emotions are a large part of the process of learning. Perhaps the phrase should instead be, â€Å"I feel, therefore I am†. In any case, we do not usually follow a logical thought process to know that we exist; Instead we have an intuitive understanding of our existence. In order to truly learn something, emotional attachment and reaction must be involved. For this reason, one must be completely immersed in an atmosphere that fosters creative growth. Skidmore’s motto states, â€Å"Creative Thought Matters†, a mantra that argues creati vity is important. We will write a custom essay sample on Cogito Ergo Sum or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To be creative, one has to genuinely feel and understand whatever one’s interests are. The moment I stepped onto the Skidmore campus I felt an atmosphere permeated with knowledge and knew I wanted to be a student there. To succeed, I need an atmosphere that fosters creativity instead of trampling on it like some more traditional institutions. As a musician I was first drawn to the Zankel Music Center and the Helen Filene Ladd Concert Hall. I was especially struck by the fact that the practice rooms had windows. To be able to look out onto the campus while practicing or composing was especially enticing to me because I like to feel as though I can be inspired by the nature around me. I was also interested in the First Year Experience. Each Seminar seemed incredibly interesting and I wished I could take all of them! The synthesis of an intellectual atmosphere and numerous opportunities offers me what I need to succeed as a â€Å"thinker† and a â€Å"feeler† and wi ll prepare me to go out into my world a capable and mature person.

Tips for Choosing Colleges to Apply to

Following from the previous post on putting together a college list, here are a few tips to consider when choosing colleges to apply to among the plethora of options available. Making a College List Now that application season is approaching for our incoming seniors, it’s important to start brainstorming and dreaming up your college list. Choosing where to apply, on occasion, can be really easy. Dream school? It’s a done deal. That said, it can be overwhelming to narrow down and finalize a college list when there are so many brilliant and dynamic options to choose from. So, here are a few factors (besides the typical ones) to consider when you try to choose the right college to apply to. It may just be your future home! Culture This is a major one, and it’s important to extend this consideration to both school culture and the environment of the surrounding area. How cutthroat is the academic environment? How spirited is the student body? Are there any campus traditions that excite you? Try to find a campus vibe that you will not only thrive in academically, but also enjoy immensely. Make yourself happy and feel at home while you do. Weather It seems trivial, but weather actually has the potential to really affect your lifestyle. Especially if weather is something that tends to significantly impact your mood, you might want to consider staying away from the midwest and northeast. If you love unpredictability and four legitimate seasons, then the southwest will not be the best pick. Weather isn’t a make-or-break factor on its own, but it is definitely something to think about. Flexibility Even if you’re walking into college dead set on becoming a doctor, you never know what can happen - plans and aspirations change all the time. Ideally, you want to keep your options as open as possible. Research the ease of changing majors and tracks within the schools you are considering, and also keep an eye open for strength of departments. For most students, it’s important to have as flexible, versatile, and well-rounded an institution as possible, just in case you change your mind. That said, if you truly are 100% sure of your decision, follow the academic path that’s best for you. Course Credit A small (yet practical) consideration is the number of units you can obtain and introductory courses you can skip using your AP and IB tests, community college courses, etc. Especially if course credit makes a difference in the number of years it will take you to graduate, you’ll leap ahead of the crowd and make your way more quickly into your career. However, if you deeply value the full undergraduate experience or don’t mind taking your time to explore and enjoy, perhaps put this one on the back burner and ponder other factors. Other Opinions Deciding to apply to a certain college is a big step, and will involve lots of research, school-specific essays, and maybe even an interview in later stages. If you’re unable to visit the college or go on a campus tour, it’s always beneficial to converse with current students - since they can give you an in-depth account of their college experience, and can answer the questions you can’t seem to find on the internet. Maybe the students at one college seem more happy and relaxed than students at another. This is a subjective consideration, certainly, but can make a world of difference when you finally enroll and join the student body. Make sure to search through profiles of students accepted to see essays, stats, and advice. Choosing where to go to college is an incredibly important decision. Make an informed choice by accessing the 70,000+ successful college application files uploaded by college students in our database. is a community of students helping students. See how they got in, and how you can too!

Free Essays on Concepts Of Marketing

The first lesson deals with setting priorities when dealing with money. First, you must narrow your goals and realize which are more important then others. You must also start early, the sooner you begin taking control of your finances the more time you have to achieve your goals. You should make a list of your goals and rank them from most important to least important and it is also important to include other members of your family in your plans. Other important things to remember are not to sweat the small stuff, but worry about the bigger things and be prepared to alter your lifestyle to achieve your new financial goals. The second lesson focuses on making a budget. The most important thing to know about making a budget is the three steps that are used to create one. You must identify how you spend money, evaluate your current spending status and set goals, and lastly track your spending to stay within the budget you set for yourself. Furthermore, you must beware of unnecessary purchases however, you don’t have to be too obsessive. A good budget would be to only spend 90% of your income. The third lesson deals with banking and saving. It is important for people to realize that their money is safe in banks and benefits from being there. When choosing a bank it is also good to know that not all banks are the same. Some have different interest rates so it is a good idea to shop around for a good bank before you sign up for an account. Also, there are alternative methods of banking like certificates of deposit however, they’re more risky. ATM’s are also something to watch out for as some carry a service charge. The fourth lesson talks about strategies used for investing. There are two main types of investments stocks and bonds. Bonds are more safe however usually don’t turn as great of a profit. Stocks on the other hand are more of an all or nothing investment and usually the riskier the stock the more profit you will gain... Free Essays on Concepts Of Marketing Free Essays on Concepts Of Marketing The first lesson deals with setting priorities when dealing with money. First, you must narrow your goals and realize which are more important then others. You must also start early, the sooner you begin taking control of your finances the more time you have to achieve your goals. You should make a list of your goals and rank them from most important to least important and it is also important to include other members of your family in your plans. Other important things to remember are not to sweat the small stuff, but worry about the bigger things and be prepared to alter your lifestyle to achieve your new financial goals. The second lesson focuses on making a budget. The most important thing to know about making a budget is the three steps that are used to create one. You must identify how you spend money, evaluate your current spending status and set goals, and lastly track your spending to stay within the budget you set for yourself. Furthermore, you must beware of unnecessary purchases however, you don’t have to be too obsessive. A good budget would be to only spend 90% of your income. The third lesson deals with banking and saving. It is important for people to realize that their money is safe in banks and benefits from being there. When choosing a bank it is also good to know that not all banks are the same. Some have different interest rates so it is a good idea to shop around for a good bank before you sign up for an account. Also, there are alternative methods of banking like certificates of deposit however, they’re more risky. ATM’s are also something to watch out for as some carry a service charge. The fourth lesson talks about strategies used for investing. There are two main types of investments stocks and bonds. Bonds are more safe however usually don’t turn as great of a profit. Stocks on the other hand are more of an all or nothing investment and usually the riskier the stock the more profit you will gain...

The causes of the wage gap between men and women in the United States Research Paper

The causes of the wage gap between men and women in the United States - Research Paper Example Recent statistics show that a typical American female employee working full time gets an estimated 77 cents for each dollar paid to a male worker. This implies that women make approximately 77 percent of the wage earned by men working the same duration of time. The latter statistic is annual, while weekly data places this estimate at about 82.1 percent. Irrespective of the varying nature of the statistics, the irrefutable fact is that there is significant inequality between men and women in terms of wage allotment. The gender-oriented wage disparity has spurred interest among scholars and other stakeholders, to determine its possible causes. This paper provides insight into the wide array of causes of compensation inequality between the two sexes put forth by various scholars. Various approaches have been utilized by researchers to determine causative factors of the gender wage gap. Key among these approaches is multivariate statistical analysis, as well as, focused analysis of statistics. The former examines multiple variables to estimate the extent to which a combination of factors contributed to the general wage gap, while the latter examines specific determinants of wage adjustment aimed at catering for cost differences associated with various workers. From the multivariate perspective are possible causational factors like widespread discrimination in the American labor market, as denoted by scholars like Ruiz and Rivera (2009), as well as, occupational disparities pointed out by Boraas and Rodgers (2003). These and other potential causes of the gender compensation gap are addressed in detail in the subsequent subsections. Judging from trends in the work environment, women and men have opted for notably distinctive occupations. Consequently, the proportion of female workers varies significantly among diverse occupations. Various terms have been utilized by researchers to characterize this tendency including occupational sorting,

Hershey's Sweet Mission Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hershey's Sweet Mission - Term Paper Example This paper analyses the given case; Hershey’s Sweet Mission in terms of relevant human resource management theories. Recommendation for the redesign of Hershey’s performance management system to appeal to the diverse groups that it employs According to Lindbom (2007), â€Å"the foundation for effective performance management is the importance of including people development as part of the long-term strategic plan of an organization† (p.103). The contributions of the older employees are as important as the contributions of the younger employees. Hershey’s performance management system is giving more focus to the interests of younger employees. The case says that Hershey’s performance management system is appealing to the younger generations’ eagerness for challenge, autonomy, and results. At the same time, it says nothing about the contributions of baby boomers or old age employees. The contributions of young and elder employees are equally im portant for an organization. Hershey should realise this fact very well and should give more considerations to the contributions of the elder employees also. It should be noted that the fresh ideas brought by the younger employees need some fine-tuning from the experienced ones before its implementation. Knowledge management theory says that an organization’s performance is heavily dependent on the knowledge of its workforce. Experienced workers definitely have knowledge that is more practical even though fresh workers may have more theoretical knowledge. Both theory and practice are important for an organization like Hershey. So, Hershey should recognize the needs of the experienced workers as important as that of the fresh workers. Armstrong-Stassen and Templer (2005) argue that, although there are many training programs for older worker, it is important to take into account the experience of the older employees and redesign the training and the method accordingly (p.57). M odern organizations like Hershey often gives more emphasize to the needs of younger employees while formulating training programs. Moreover, these training programs often cater the needs of local employees. Since Hershey employs employees from different parts of the world, its training programs should give more focus to the needs of the diverse workforce. Lee (2005) stresses the importance of future-oriented performance management and evaluation system (p.53). Hershey should redefine its performance management system by giving more focus to future rather than present. How I would interpret the values that Hershey embraces in relation to my role, if I was a Hershey’s employee With regard to employees, Hershey’s mission statement says that the mission involves â€Å"winning with an aligned and empowered organization . . . while having fun.† Moreover, â€Å"Aligned† employees should share values, be clear about how their work contributes to the organizationà ¢â‚¬â„¢s mission, collaborate effectively, and be selected, equipped, and rewarded for meeting company objectives. If I was an employee in Hershey, I should work in accordance with the mission statement of Hershey. In other words, I should make sure that all the activities performed by me are in line with the vision and mission statement of Hershey. I should give more focus to the company objectives instead of my own personal preferences. For example, If Hershey asks me to

Commonplace Book Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Commonplace Book - Assignment Example The quote is important to my life because it enables me to be strategic in my activities and always reveal my plans when the time is ripe, because doing so enables me to avoid any hurdles that my competitors might put in my way to stop me from achieving my goals in life. This quote means it is important to have details of the enemy including their strength and weaknesses, their holdouts, and their thoughts before starting a war against them. Tzu emphasizes the need to collect as much intelligence as possible about the enemy forces in order to deploy the right responses or preemptive interventions when it is necessary. In business, this quote stresses the need to carry out proper market research focuses on the rivals in order to mount a successful challenge against them. In my life, this quote enables me to understand my neighbors, the community, and the society in general in order to achieve a person-environment fit. Failure to know my environment including the existing rules and regulations, the opportunities and other utility services will only result in my failure. Quote # 3 If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat. If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle.† Sun Tzu, The Art of War p.234. This quote means one who knows their capability and that of their enemy will be sure of the right strategies to employ in order to eliminate the enemy in warfare, regardless of the length of the confrontation. But if an army knows its capabilities and not the enemy, the enemy would be obliged to employ a different strategy, which would be successful because the other side neither knows it nor can it counter the move. In modern business, a company that neither knows its strengths nor the rivals’ would most probably collapse or face heavy losses for failure to

Is It Ethical To Use Animals In Medical Testing?

Is It Ethical To Use Animals In Medical Testing? Medicine is very complicated field. There is no doubt that it has helped human beings through history to live longer, but it has had its bad times too. Because of medicine we have found cures for various diseases, and now can extend our lives for years. Medicine is helping animals too. However, on occasions, medicine is a very controversial field, and animal testing is one of the most controversial fields of medicine. Some people and medical experts regard animal testing as necessary and helpful in discovering various cures. On the other hand, many animal right groups, and also medical experts, consider animal testing cruel and unnecessary. In my opinion animal testing is unethical and if not forbidden it should be limited to the maximum. Animal testing kills innocent animals in the cruelest ways such as dissection, poisoning, vivisection, toxicology testing, and other methods. To better understand why animal testing is unethical and why it should be limited I will present the pros a nd cons arguments of animal testing. First of all, animal testing should be forbidden because for certain products there is no need for testing. There are products, which pose no danger to the human health, but medical personnel still performs tests on animals to see the results. These are just in case tests, which kill animals for no cause. For example, killing animals just to find out if a shampoo or soap smells good is unethical. Medical companies, and experts, should create some kind of ethical code for animal testing. For example, animal tests are forbidden for products that do not cause serious health problems in human beings. Lab experts and doctors should find other ways how to conduct safety testing for such basic products, and limit the number of animals that are killed. Additionally, many experts argue that results from animal testing may generate at least two or more different outcomes. For example, soap may cause allergy in rats, but not in rabbits. In this case both animals would be killed for no result. Also, blinding or killing a rabbit just to see if some new kind of mascara is satisfactory is very cruel and unethical. Further, animals are different from human beings they have different bodies and other organs, so testing on animals may not bring the expected results. Rats, frogs, or rabbits may react to some chemical or drug, but this does not guarantee that the reaction will be the same or similar when tested on human beings. Because, humans are different from animals there is no need for animal testing. Medical workers should find more efficient ways to test products that will get them the right results. According to many animal rights groups and medical experts, that are against animal testing, the biggest argument against animal testing is that there are now many other alternative testing methods available. The medicine has become so advanced that animal testing is obsolete. If we want more accurate and real results we can use human cells for testing. They may show the exact reaction and results from drugs or other testing. Also, tissue studies are very advanced methods for testing medical cures and drugs. Tissue samples can be used to analyze the effects of a soup or other body creams, or an allergen or other type of drug. These tissue experiments will show the desired effects on human beings. Because of the above mentioned alternative testing methods, and many others which are available nowadays, animal testing should be banned or very limited, as there is no need for it. Even though, many people consider animal testing cruel and unethical, many other consider it essential for achieving the desired medical results. These pro animal testing groups have their arguments about this issue. One of their strongest arguments is that medical research saves millions of lives each year. Because of testing on animals, they argue, medical workers around the world could find cures to HIV/AIDS, cancer, Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease, and many other non-curable diseases as of the moment. Therefore, those supporters of animal testing argue that if animal testing is eliminated there may be some future problems in finding new cures for existing and new diseases. That is why animal testing is so important. Another argument for animal testing is that animal testing not only helps human beings, but it also helps animals. During the last two to three decades, the discovery of various cures for animal diseases has increased dramatically. Animals today live longer compared to 40 to 50 years ago. Pro groups argue that thanks to animal testing, animals now have better chance to survive diseases and injuries. Animals are treated from various diseases thanks to them and the experiments done on them. Nowadays, a whole field of medicine is dedicated to animals. Doctors are performing surgical operations on animals; horses and dogs and other domestic animals are treated for various kinds of viral infections, etc. Also, defenders of animal testing argue that if there were other testing techniques, that can substitute animal testing, then they will accept them. But, as of the moment, according to them, there are no other advanced testing techniques. That is why now and in the future, until some other testing methods are found, animal testing remains the most valuable testing method. People and medical science are massively dependent on animal testing to find cures for some serious diseases. Moreover, as some supporters of animal testing claim, we should be more concerned with saving human lives than with saving animal lives. According to them, animals are worthy to some respect, but they are not as worthy as a human live. Many of them argue that if a person comes in the situation to choose between saving the life of a rat or the live of his mother, the answer is already known. That is why, animal testing should be allowed, because saving human lives is more beneficial than saving animal lives. However, the testing processes and experiments should be controlled. Finally, the strongest argument for animal testing is that the complaints of the people, who are against animal testing, are not correct and they are vague, and they do not constitute serious arguments. The pro groups argue that animal testing has generated very valuable information of how certain drugs, and other medical cures, work inside human bodies. Because of animal testing we are where we are in medicine today. Even though, both pro and cons groups have strong arguments, according to me, animal testing is unethical and cruel. Maybe it should not be forbidden altogether, but certainly it should be limited. Animal testing should be used when looking for cures for some serious disease such as cancer. But, it should be strictly controlled when the testing is done for products that cannot harm human health, such as testing animals for detergents. The medical companies and experts around the world should seat and discuss ways to reduce animal testing to the minimum. There should be some ethical standards of how animals should be used and treated during tests.

Comparison of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

Comparison of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn were both characters created by Mark Twain. Tom Sawyer is the main character in the book The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn is the main character in the book The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer were alike in many ways but they were also very different. One way in which Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer are alike is that they are both very brave. In the book The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck and Jim see a steamboat that had wrecked on the rocks and decide to check it out. Huck thinks that there will be lots of things on the wrecked boat for them to filch. Jim was a little nervous about infringing but Huck said that if Tom were there, he would have gone. Once they were on the boat they saw a fight. Huck was scared but he knew that if Tom were there he wouldn’t back out, so Huck wasn’t going to either. Another way that Tom and Huck are alike is that they are both always getting themselves into trouble. It seems that where ever they go, trouble follows them. They are also both interlopers and very fractious. Both of the boys are also very erudite (smart). In the book The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck tricked the two men with guns out of finding Jim. He told the two men that it was his father back on the raft. When they said that they were going to go see for themselves Huck replied, â€Å" ...

New criticism essay

Grace Lear Ms. Joan Richmond English 2261 17 Feb. 2013 New Criticism: A Focused Summary New criticism is a type of literary theory that focuses on the close reading of literature and how the literature functions as the object it’s meant to be. No external influences are to be taken into consideration, strictly the writing itself. This movement emphasizes the text in literature and explains the writers meaning to the reader. The author’s intention, excluding historical and cultural context is taken into consideration for analysis.When reading as a â€Å"New Critic† it’s important to separate emotion and the literal text used by the author, which can be hard to do. Close reading is something used by New Critics to bring out the straightforward and uncontroversial approach to understanding literature. Terms like paradox, ambiguity, irony, and tension help break down the story in different ways to understand the meaning new critics expect. These terms also sho w a conservative side to New Criticism taking away the controversial, external, social issues like race, gender and class.New criticism is sometimes looked at as the scientific approach to reading literature compared to other theories. In order to analyze in a new critic way its important to take notice of the terms above and the literal meaning of the setting, plot and theme. The subject and the object of the story should be separated and stable in mind while readers analyze in this type of theory. The focus should be literal not emotional and bring out the social function and effect of the literature the writer makes.The application of this theory, New Criticism can be shown through the story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner. The title â€Å"A Rose for Emily† could symbolize death. This also could also symbolize her oppressed, sad life due to her father, possibly meaning she was dead before she actually died (437). â€Å"The man himself lay in the bedâ₠¬ ¦ what was left of him, rotted beneath what was left of the nightshirt, had become inextricable from the bed in which he lay† (Faulkner). This connects to the ongoing theme of an older generation struggling to keep its place in this modern era.The tension between the past and the present or two generations is seen in the background of this story. Emily’s house was called a â€Å"stubborn and coquettish decay† compared to the gasoline pumps next to her house. The older generation of the town took care of Miss Emily in respects to her father (who donated money to the city). â€Å"A sort of hereditary obligation†, until the new generation mayors and aldermen expected taxes from her (Faulkner). There are some flashbacks to the past, which create images of death in her past specifically her father’s death.Is it ironic she doesn’t want to believe he’s dead? â€Å"She told them that her father was not dead. She did that for three days with ministers calling on her and the doctors trying to persuade her†(Faulkner) This could possibly mean the past isn’t ready to let go of a new coming era, an ongoing theme shown throughout this story. The description of her home, old furniture, dusty rooms, and dark shadowy halls are sensory details. The smell of her home due to dead bodies is so bad towns people come by to drop lime through her basement windows.These all give an eerie, dirty image and mood for the story. The question of why wouldn’t she put postal numbers on her house is her almost refusing new society that rejected her right back. Her characteristics steady show stubbornness, isolation and rejection. The main point of the story is to show the comparisons between the old days and the new and tensions between them are shown through Emily’s sad life. Another story that can be used to explain New Criticism would be â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† by Ernest Hemingway in the use of char acters, symbolism and conflict.In the story the only character that is referred to as the American is the male protagonist. He is distant from her on an emotional level and create what he thinks would be a resolution to a problem he clearly cares nothing about. The other character is a non-English speaking waitress who is deep in her own but is indecisive and afraid to say what she wants. These characters create tension throughout the story. The symbolism is started in the title â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† making readers question the comparison between the two.The â€Å"White Elephant† is the burden and decision of the unborn baby. â€Å"They look like White Elephants† (Hemingway). The waitress is talking about the hills but later deciding they didn’t look like elephants, which could lead to her indecisiveness about what to do with the baby. The setting of the story is at a train station, which creates theme and symbol. The train tracks going in dif ferent directions are the crossroads of their relationship on their decision of what to do with the unborn baby. She comments on the hills being beautiful and the country being brown or dry

Haroun Essay Essays - Literature, Haroun And The Sea Of Stories

Haroun Essay Essays - Literature, Haroun And The Sea Of Stories Sean Julien J. Watson ENG1D1-81 May 26, 2017 Storytelling plays an important role in people lives in Haroun and the sea of stories. Salman Rushdie Storytelling is a critical part of a politician's survival and livelihood in Haroun and the Sea of Stories as stories are used to improve the trustworthiness of the politicos. Politicos will do anything to win votes. As election time came around, the politicos scrambled around to get votes. Many of them counted on Rashid to get them votes. The politicos need Rashid because, "Nobody ever believed anything a politico saidSo the politicos needed Rashid to help them win the people's votes" (Rushdie 20). The citizens do not believe in politicos because they tell lies; they believe in Rashid because he tells stories. Rashid is popular and trustworthy so his stories help the politicians to win votes. The politicos will to any lengths to get people to vote for them. Also, the politicians use stories to help them maintain their image. Some of the politicians tell untrue stories so Snooty Buttoo needs Rashid's help to make him look better. Snooty Buttoo insists that Rashid, "will tell happy stories, praising stories, and the people will believe you, and be happy, and vote for me" (47). Snooty Buttoo needs Rashid to help him improve his image. Stories help the citizens trust and like the politicians. Without stories, the politicians would be seen in a negative light and would not have a positive role in Kahani. Snooty Buttoo needs Rashid to help him improve his image. Stories help the citizens trust and like the politicians. Without stories, the politicians would be seen in a negative light and would not have a positive role in Kahani. Storytelling is important to Rashid because his job is telling stories which relies on the sea of stories. Rashid must tell a story for snooty Buttoo at his rally but he chooses to tell the story of what the whole book is about. He opens with "Ladies and gentlemen, the name of the tale I am going to tell is Haroun and the sea of stories" (205). Rashid says his story and the people of k valley should know the truth and that they should not vote for Snooty Buttoo, and the crowd was very angry at Snooty Buttoo. Also, in Alifbay there was a sad city. And in this sad city Rashid was the most cheerful person. He tells his stories to the people of the sad city. His stories come from the stream in the sea of stories. "the storyteller Rashid Khalifa, whose cheerfulness was famous throughout that unhappy metropolis, and whose never-ending stream of tall, short, and winding tales" (15). Rashid tells stories to the sad city to cheer up other people as well as to help brighten up their day and gi ve them hope. This is all thanks to the stories that Rashid tells. Stories are important to Rashid for his job as a storyteller which depends on them, plus he uses them to cheer up the people of the sad city. Stories are important to the P lentimaw fish because it is what the feed off and if their food source is either gone or messed with they will die from starvation or sickness. Shortly after arriving in K hani , Haroun encountered two fish, Goopy and B agha . Who had several mouths. Iff exp lained that these were the P l entimaw fishes, causing Haroun to wonder their purpose. To which, "Iff replied that the Plentimaw Fishes were what he called 'hunger artists' 'Because when they are hungry they swallow stories through every mouth, and in their innards miracles occur; a little bit of one story joins on to an idea from another, and hey presto, when they spew the stories out they are not the old tales but new ones" (56). The P lent imaw fishes main purpose is to c reate stories. They use their several mou ths to swallow plots and ideas and then twist them into a whole new story. With out stories th e P lentimaw fishes would starve, making stories quite impo rtant to them. Plentimaw fish also need st ories because, Goopy and bagha were less talkative

Renissance Italy essays

Renissance Italy essays Renaissance is the Italian word meaning rebirth. It happened between 1350 and 1550 and it occurred in three distinct phases. First was characterized by a declining population, the uncovering of classical texts, and experimentation in a variety of art forms. The second phase was distinguished by the creation of a set of cultural values and artistic and literary achievements that defined Renaissance style. The large Italian city states developed stable and coherent forms of government, and warfare between them gradually ended. In the final period invasions form France and Spain transformed Italian political life and the ideas and techniques of Italian writers and artists radiated to all points of the continent. Renaissance ideas and achievements spread throught Euope and were particularly important in Holland. The Italian Peninsula was very urban which allowed trading to blossom and allowed for specialization in agricultural and industrial life that increased productivity and wa ges. Between 1350 and 1450 one in every six years had a high mortality rate. Overproduction became a problem. Orphans wre very common especially females. Dowry was used to wed the daughters. Church remainrd the center of peoples lives. A growing sense of civic pride and individual accomplishment were underlying characteristics of the Italian Renaissance. Michelangelo was extremely important in Renaissance art and sculpture. Art reflected both its concrete achievements and its visionary ideals. They were scholars and philosophers. Humanism developed in reaction to an intellectual world that was centered on the Church and dominated by otherworldly concerns. Hamanism was secular in outlook though by no means was it antireligious. Humanists celebrated worldly achievements. They studied and taught the humanitiesskills of disciplines such as philology, the art of language, and rhetoric, the art of expression. Lorenzo Valla was...

Rolls-Royce Aviation and the Development of TotalCare Case Study

Rolls-Royce Aviation and the Development of TotalCare - Case Study Example As the paper outlines over a period of just a few years, Rolls-Royce managed to be a compliant supplier to American Airlines and found significant business success and profitability in the process. However, Rolls-Royce maintained a strong thirst for extra profit and began to assume more risk than they originally thought they could handle. Such total care packages, as that of American Airlines, required significant internal investment into labour, facilities management and even technical support in order to provide this new extended service and maintenance contract philosophy. Realising that Rolls-Royce had found success, their largest competitors began to change their own business models to reflect similar total care packages to the B2B customers. This eroded the short-term competitive advantage which had been recently held by Rolls-Royce and threatened their market share. Added to this the costs of maintaining maintenance workshops, Rolls-Royce required a new competitive advantage i n order to remain an engine sales leader in this airline industry. This paper discusses that Rolls-Royce has focused the majority of its efforts into innovating actual service delivery to its customers, but has failed to create a marketing strategy which appeals to the psychographic characteristics of its clients. The company does not understand how to utilise promotion effectively to make the sales agreements more of a client relationship which provides mutual value to both businesses. Thus, the business has lost its previous competitive edge.

Air Transport in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Air Transport in the UK - Essay Example According to the report  there are two key drivers of air transport demand in the UK economy. One is growth in income in the long-term and the other one is fall in the real cost of fares of air transport. With the decline in air fares and rise in income, the passengers are expected to increase their air travel. However, with fall in the air fares, the airlines are unable to cut down operational costs and due to this, the sector has to meet increasing cost for emission of fuels. The figure below shows the key factors of air transport demand in the UK.This research highlights that  income elasticity of demand in economics is used to measure the responsiveness of quantity demanded of a good with respect to the income change of the individual demanding the good, holding all other things constant. Mathematically, it is calculated by taking the ratio of change in the percentage of quantity demanded to the change in percentage of income.  Income elasticity of a good which is greater t han 1 (luxury good) is considered to be highly elastic. The good whose elasticity lies in the range of 0 to 1 (normal or necessary good) is considered to be elastic and the one with elasticity less than 0 (inferior good) has negative elasticity. Also, goods having income elasticity equal to 1 is unit elastic. The figure below shows different types of elasticity.  Therefore, income elasticity differs with the nature of goods. The demand for inferior good is negative, less elastic for normal good and that for luxury good, it is highly elastic.

Answer dq 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer dq 7 - Essay Example He built a relationship which was firm and tackled it enthusiastically. He set an example by personally adopting all possible traits to be a fruitful leader which motivated his followers and ultimately it is understood that if a company flourishes, workers flourishes. One of the main points is, a leader who has a charisma can understand the issues that would arise with his new plans, and therefore he remains ready to guide, help and accommodate his followers well. (Raelin 2003) explains that all leadership styles have something good to be adopted; therefore charismatic leadership can walk parallel to transformational leadership because charisma spreads over groups and transformational leadership supports it well. To attract followers, we studied well in our last discussions that currency exchange and implementation law of reciprocity can be good deal to make followers work accordingly. Different leadership styles are interlinked and therefore in my last article I wrote that theorists claimed that leadership is the most complicated phenomenon to be completely implemented. (Bascal and Associates) narrates that Charismatic leaders have an ability to communicate on strong emotional grounds and can convince, support and make followers understand the requirement of a desired plan, John F. Kennedy who is referred as a charismatic leader serves perfect example. He convinced people to remain strong and fight back for their rights during crucial time of Civil War. I agree with the point raised that setting charisma and vision into two different entities can simplify things to be understood. Vision is embedded in charisma and therefore a charismatic leader is able to convince people to understand his vision and work together to accomplish it, while remaining on a powerful emotional ground. Strong leadership is about executing the plans firmly and charisma makes it more fascinating

Mathematics and English Sentences Essay Example for Free

Mathematics and English Sentences Essay The order of operations was developed years ago. Someone just decided on an order in which operations should be performed. It has nothing to do with magic or logic. Some one decided to adopt a way, and it has been followed through out history. It makes communication easier. Punctuation marks are used in any language to make clear what we want to say. Punctuation marks are just as important in number sentences as they are in English sentences. Without being told by a symbol or some other means, we do not know whether to do the multiplication or the addition first. To avoid the confusion of such an expression naming two different numbers, let us use parentheses to indicate which operation is to be first. When part of a number sentence is enclosed within parentheses, think of that as naming one number. It is commonly agreed that when more than one operation, or all of the operations, are indicated in the same expression, we multiply and divide first, then add and subtract going from left to right. Just as punctuation marks are used to make sentences, the order of operations are used to make math sense. Whenever the order of operation is not indicated by grouping symbols, there is a standard order of operations to be followed. That order is Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition and Subtraction from left to right. In mathematics, more than in some other forms of written expression, ambiguity must be eliminated. Otherwise, different people may assign different meanings to the same symbols, and communication is faulty. Ambiguity is eliminated using grouping symbols and the order of operations rule.

Scarlet Letter Interpretation

Scarlet Letter Interpretation Qu 5: ‘†¦they had begun to look upon the scarlet letter as the token, not of that one sin, for which she had borne so long and dreary a penance, but of her many good deed since what does the Scarlet letter teach us on the subject of meaning and interpretation? It is perhaps unheard of and a little strange that one could actually consider the very letter ‘A within the story of ‘The Scarlet Letter to be considered the main character within Hawthornes tale. However it is due to this very letter that the entire tale of Hester unfolds. After reading the tale of Hester and her ascent from tainted woman to what can only be called a liberated if somewhat damaged soul it is hard to pin point the exact meaning of the letter ‘A .It is a letter as ambiguous as it sounds for it leaves open an entire dictionary of words to interpret its meaning. In a story that deals with the breakdown of the puritan society beliefs through a woman whose punishment for adultery is to wear a red letter upon her clothing it is easy to see how one can suppose the tale of ‘The scarlet letter to be one centering around Hester herself and yet it is perhaps the very ending of the ‘The scarlet letter ‘It bore device, a heralds wording of which may serve for motto and brief description of our now concluded legend; so sombre is it, and relieved only by one ever-glowing point of light gloomier than the shadow: ‘ON A FIELD, SABLE, THE LETTER A, GULES that beholds the true central subject of the ‘The Scarlet letter. That is, the very letter itself being the main protagonist leaving Hester to portray a rather small if catalytic part of the novel providing no more than a mere insight into the true meaning of the many and sometimes abstract meanings of the letter. Through out the ‘Scarlet letter the reader is presented with a selection of characters within the Puritan community, which come to view and relate to the scarlet letter in their own different ways. For example at the beginning of the novel the old puritan women of the community regard it as what is the general opinion at the time of Hesters release from prison. That of a symbol of sin and shame. Hester herself provides her own interpretation by weaving a letter whose appearance could only but reflect her own rebellious nature within the puritan society. Within and throughout the novel the scarlet letter takes on and changes many forms so as to leave the reader in a somewhat bewildered and confused state of mind. The beginning of the novel sees the puritan society regard the letter as the proof of sin made visible to all eyes to both punish Hester whilst at the same time serve as a warning. Yet as the tale progresses the meaning of the letter changes and transforms to create a whole different meaning around it. If the major characteristic of the symbol is its enigmatic nature, it is not surprising that the question of its understanding should be of major importance. Yet perhaps in order to begin understanding the true meaning of the Scarlet letter we must first look towards Hawthorns ‘The Custom-house where in the Scarlet letter is described as a ‘mystic symbol, subtly conveying itself to my sensibilities, but evading the analysis of my mind. As a romantic symbol, the scarlet letter appeals to both intellect and sensitivity. However, the interpretative process as Hawthorne presents it in The Scarlet Letter is complex, and the link between feeling and understanding is far less direct than it may seem at first sight. Although the idea of intuitive comprehension may be considered as an ideal, Hawthornes pragmatism leads him to qualify it and to take into account the impact of social conventions on the understanding of the symbol. This is evident when Hawthorn describes the feeling of ‘burning heat as he picks up the letter and how it appeared that the letter was not altogether made of simple red cloth but was much rather like ‘a red hot iron, yet Hawthorne goes on to conclude that even so without any knowledge of the letter past and origins it was to then remain a riddle. Hawthornes ‘The scarlet letter which then goes on to try and give voice to the letter found in the common house is no more than a possib le insight into the many interpretations available regarding the letter itself, perhaps then leaving the reader more mystified than ever. Martin Terence within ‘Nathanial Hawthorne claims that Hawthorne seems to say, this is a scarlet letter; because of that, it is capable of further meaning. The letter will have to carry the burden of the tale. Hawthornes use of symbolism is fully developed in the multi-meanings hidden in the scarlet letter through a variety of characters. The scarlet letter represents different ideals to different people and should be given the proper consideration. For the puritans the scarlet letter symbolised the sign of a sinner whose moral obligation towards the community was to portray the mark of sinner to both shame and warn. Giving up her individuality, she would become the general symbol at which the preacher and moralist might point, and in which they might vivify and embody their images of womans frailty and sinful passion. Thus the young and pure would be taught to look at her, with the scarlet letter flaming on her breast, [†¦] as the figure, the body, the reality of sin. (71-72) Through the above extract one can easily see the firm belief the Puritans held that was that through her actions Hester had disgraced not only herself but the entire community. Their belief in that Hester is to take responsibility for her actions is not however carried out in the manner they had originally hoped. Hester may carry out her punishment silently and diligently yet the outcome is not the one the Puritans had foreseen, for Hesters sin grows from that of passion to one of principle. On the other hand towards the Reverend Arthur Dimmersdale the letter takes on a whole new meaning. He regards the letter as a constant reminder of the sin and cowardice that plaque him. As time goes past this guilt constantly grows as he finds himself unable to take responsibility for his actions. The action he takes of standing upon the scaffold at night is merely one of the signs of his ever increasing guilt. It could even be claimed that his inability to like Hester wear the Scarlet letter tur ns out to be his downfall as by the end of the novel Dimmersdale dies. Whilst on the other hand it could also be claimed that Hesters ability to wear the scarlet letter proves to be her salvation for although she does not forget or dismiss the original purpose of the letter she is however able to through the letters ability to deem her a social outcast to be left alone behind the symbol to both develop and grow as a character. Terence claims that Hester comes to view the letter as ‘an armour of pride that is also a mantle of suffering. Her isolation from the rest of the community and the downfall of her place within society can be seen as her mantle of suffering whilst her armour of pride resides in Hesters own beliefs that her act of adultery was rooted in the love she felt for Dimmersdale as well as her own love of Pearl. Hesters secret serves as an â€Å"emblem† of different fates of the Puritan generation. â€Å"Hawthorne seems to adorn the subject rather than present it, conceal it with fancy needlework, so that the letter A might have been thought to mean†¦anything other than adulteress†. He portrays the guilt as craftwork, which he attributes to Hesters prototype: â€Å"sporting with her infamy, the lost and desperate creature had embroidered the fatal token with golden thread and the nicest art of needlework. The Scarlet Letter is concerned not only with passion but also with America (another possible signification of Hesters letter). â€Å"It attempts to find in the story of Hester and Dimmesdale a paradigm of the fall of love in the New World†. Pearl herself could be described as a character that function upon two levels within the narrative, both as a child and as an allegory. If then Pearl is the embodiment of the Scarlet letter itself ,then it is possible for the reader to understand Hesters own interpretation of the letter even better, for what mother could ever see her child as a sin to be ashamed of. Instead it is with and through Pearl that the letter begins its ascending course, as its meaning changes to mean both motherhood and strength. It is Pearls utter devotion and obsession with the letter that helps convey the bond between the letter and the child. They are the same, they were born through the same ‘act of sin .This is most evident when Hester removes the letter in the woods and is then forced to replace it when Pearl refuses to acknowledge her without it. The incident is vital in conveying the bond between the letter and the child. As the living manifestation of the letter, Pearl refuses to have it dis carded. It is here that critic Stephanie Carrez puts forward the notion that here it should be said that through Pearl we can see the danger of Hesters ability to change the letters meaning and interpretation. This is seen when Hester does not comply with the educational values prescribed by Scriptural authority. This echoes the discussion set by the author on the market place as Hester steps out of the prison door, where one of the women within the crowd voices â€Å"This woman has brought shame upon us all, and ought to die; is there not law for it?   Truly there is, both in the Scripture and the statute-book. Then let the magistrates, who have made it of no effect, thank themselves if their own wives and daughters go astray. â€Å"Hester should have died, since such is the law, both in the Scripture and the statute-book†. Carrez goes on to explain that If the punishment chosen is for her to wear the letter, it does not represent the letter of the law, but rather its spirit; although the letter is supposed to be fatal,† Hester will nevertheless live. The interpretation of the symbol entails social consequences, and Hawthorne is highly aware of its dangers. Interpreting words is potentially dangerous: is not the disappearance of the word adultery the best proof of the subversive power of the artist? Even so the many interpretations of the Scarlet letter all stem out of the most common symbol found by readers and that being â€Å"adultery†. Although the letter contains various interpretations, it proves to serve only one purpose: that being to make Hesters sin of adultery known to everyone. The letter is the revolving element throughout the novel. As a consequence of such a use of symbols, no definite truth can be established, and truth itself becomes an uncertain concept. The resulting ambiguity of Hawthornes texts is at the same time a force and a weakness. Hawthorne thus seems to linger over the consequences of using the scarlet letter as a romantic symbol. If scattered and particular visions must be assembled to represent the truth, along romantic lines, he refuses to adopt the radical idea of totally subjective truth, and even sometimes mocks the possibility to do so. The multiplication of possible interpretations is at the same time an artistic necessity and a metaphysical and social threat, and this constitutes one of the keystones of Hawthornes ambiguity. The modern aesthetic interrogation about writing, and about the role of the reader in the construction of a truthful meaning, unsettled Hawthornes faith in his own work, but provided the modern reader with one of the best examples of the power of art.

Truth and Fiction in Truman Capotes In Cold Blood Essays -- In Cold Bl

How In Cold Blood Capote Desensitized Our Ability to Differentiate Between Truth and Fiction.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Reading In Cold Blood brought me a new literary and psychological understanding. I realized what such a heinous murder would do to a town like Holcomb, Kansas. I always took my childhood for granted; nothing bad happened in our town, nothing equal to the ugliness of the Clutter murder.   After rereading In Cold Blood, I read every piece of literary criticism on the book as I could find.   I began to consider the impact of Capote on today's based-on-fact books and movies. My goal was to discover whether the blurring of the line between truth and fiction has befogged how we, as readers and viewers, differentiate between truth and fiction.    What I learned (or didn't learn). Wendy Lesser, in an article for the Los Angeles Times, wrote of her interest in murder in literature. She went so far as to teach a literature class at UC Santa Cruz on murder. The class focused on works of fiction based on true facts (books that Capote would have said were non-fiction novels), books such as Norman Mailer's The Executioners Song, Joan Didion's The White Album, and Capote's In Cold Blood (par. 13). At the end of the semester, one of her students said, " 'I've really enjoyed this course, but I'm worried that it's hardened me. I mean, I don't know how seriously I take murder anymore'" (par.15). Lesser replied that by looking at murder as art, you move away from the seeing it as murder (par.16).    Truman Capote claimed to have invented a new type of literature with In Cold Blood, the non-fiction novel (Plimpton, par 2). Although others (particularly Daniel DeFoe in A Journal of the Plague Year) had used this technique b... ...into small-town Kansas with his long floating scarf and his negligees." The Guardian. 76 pars. 14 February 1998. Lexis-Nexis. Swanson, William. "Murder, He Wrote." MPLS-St. Paul Magazine. 14 pars. November 1995. InfoTrac. Yagoda, Ben. "In Cold Facts, Some Books Falter." The New York Times. 18 pars. 15 March 1998, late ed. Lexis-Nexis. Works Consulted Boxer, Sarah. "When Truth Challenges Fiction and Becomes Art." The New York Times. 13 pars. 8 May 2000, late ed. Lexis-Nexis. Fremont-Smith, Eliot. "Books of the Times: In Cold Blood." New York Times Book Review. 12 pars. 10 January 1966. Lexis-Nexis. King, Larry. "Truman Capote and the Murder that Horrified a Nation." Larry King Live. CNN. 25 November 1997. Transcript. Lexis-Nexis. Knickerbocker, Conrad. "1960's Kansas Death Trip." New York Times. 9 pars. 6 October 1966, late ed. Lexis-Nexis.

Discovery: Indigenous Australians and Historical Truth Essay

Discoveries reveal things that we often would prefer to keep hidden. Discuss the concept of â€Å"Discovery† and the effects it has on those who are involved. You must refer to your set text and supplementary material which you have studied in relation to this topic. The topic discovery involves the reviling of past things that were previously unknown. These truths can range from physical objects to self-awareness, from new knowledge to hidden memory. However, discovery can be such a powerful thing that some things may be better left hidden. An example of someone discovering the past is in the set text, Sally Morgan’s â€Å"My Place†. The supplementary material that will be â€Å"Paperbark-tree† by Oodgeroo Noonuccal and Sarah’s Story from the National Inquiry. Two issues that are raised in â€Å"My Place† are the discovery of self and the search for historical truth. Part of growing up involves the discovery of self. This normally means finding out your family’s history. In â€Å"My Place†, Sally grows up feeling that there is a lot about her past that she doesn’t know.†the feeling that a very vital part of me was missing and that I’d never belong anywhere. † When she was a child, her best friend was Winnie the Pooh. She felt that she had a lot in common because they both felt like misfits. Both her mother and grandmother know that Sally doesn’t know much about their Aboriginal heritage, and so therefore tell her that she is Indian. â€Å"Come on, Mum, what are we? What do the kids at school say? Anything. Italian, Greek, Indian. Tell them you’re Indian. † Eventually Sally find’s out that she is Aboriginal and by finding this out, starts her on a quest for knowledge. This feeling of having not much idea of who you are may make you want to go and find out the truth. A big example of this is Aborigine’s who were taken from their parents as children and sent away to work as slaves. In Sarah’s story she explains how as a child, just like Sally, she was told that she was not aboriginal. She was white skinned living with her white skinned father and had to be taken away because people believed that white skins should not mix with natives. â€Å"We were discouraged from any contact with Aboriginal People. † The second issue that is faced in â€Å"My Place† is historical truth. Know matter how the reader interprets the story, they are always going to be able to read about Australia’s past. As Arthur tells Sally, â€Å"There’s almost nothing written from a personal point of view about Aboriginal people. No one knows what it was like for us. A lot of our history has been lost? † In search for her family’s story, Sally uncovers the historical truth of a generation controlled by a white Australia. Paperbark Tree, by Oodgeroo Noonuccal is a short story, who has been cut off from the Aboriginal ways of life, travels the country looking for traces of her tribe. Both Oodergeroo in the story and Sally Morgan begin their search for knowledge as women without an understanding of their past history. They both need to connect with their Aboriginality and understand how their relatives or tribe members lived. They both travel around looking for information. By learning stories of the past, and writing them down, both women are able to understand who they are and connect with the wealth of aboriginal culture and experience. In conclusion, discoveries can reveal things that that are previously unknown and sometimes the truth is better left hidden.

How does media affect society politically, socially, and economically Essay

Throughout history technology has evolved to provide easier forms of communication, and furthermore make people more informed. But the question is, has the evolution of media had a more positive or negative effect on society. Media affects everyone around the world and has the power to do many things to either send a good or bad message. Which is one of the main problems of media, its power. The power of media at most times is too powerful and is why media can have such a negative affect on society. But the positive view on the power of media is that is that it contributes awareness on problems that occur around the world. Media affects society politically, socially, and economically through the power people give media. Read more:  Media Influences on Society Different types of Media Media comes in different forms, some we aren’t even aware is media. Examples of of different types of media are the news, social media, and even text messaging can be considered media. The news is the most dependable source of media and many believe is well trusted but many do not know that the news is very bias and sometimes even changes their stories or the â€Å"news† to make them interesting. Which is why media has the power to deceive people and not always present the truth. This is an example of how media’s power can affect society in a negative way, by filling people’s minds with false information. Social media is the most common form of media. Different forms of social media are Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and publicity websites. These are not reliable sources, but have a big influence on society because many people believe that everything that is on the internet is true which is definitely not the case. Why social media has such a big effect on people it’s because of its great impressive power everyone seems to believe. If people are not interested in what they read, they will stop focusing on social media and powerful companies that have to do with publicity sites will stop making money. This is why They create false stories that attract and keep people interested. The more viewers they get the more money they will earn which is exactly what this want.